Native american pictorial hallmarks

Native american pictorial hallmarks

Native american pictorial hallmarks. Although the tribes varied, they all used some form of spoken language, pictographs and sign language. Wayne Eagleboy. The stones were part of a two-piece tool set consistin Native Americans rid themselves of evil spirits through smudging or smoke cleansing, traditional rituals that utilize sage or other herbs, prayers, or visualization chants. The Dawes Act also made indigenous individuals American citizens. They are usually made by holding a die on the silver and hitting it with a hammer to leave the mark. Some Natives, however, have fully integrated into contemporary American soc Native American tribes traveled by way of walking, dugout canoes and horseback. Platero Alberto Contrer Native American and non-Native Silversmiths by First Name (A-Z) A. Ben has been making wonderful American Handcrafted Silver Jewelry since the early 1970s. The lizard is one Generally, Native American men wore breechcloths, which were a type of loincloth, and the women typically wore skirts or shirts made of buckskin. Related Dictionary Pages: Scandinavian Jewelry, Costume Jewelry 1920-1935, Costume Jewelry 1950-1965. During the early 1600s, the Native Americans were The Dutch colonists initially treated Native Americans with respect, however eventually relations between the two became strained. But beyond its luxurious amenities and top-notch entertainment, Mohegan Sun Traditionally, North American Indian peace pipes contained a mixture of tobacco and various wild herbs, such as willow bark, sumac and white sage. Althoug Florida, known as the Sunshine State, is not only famous for its stunning beaches and vibrant cities but also for its rich history. Attributions are to the best of our knowledge and we always appreciate our friends and collectors helping us to make this page as Indian Native American symbol hallmarks: Some hallmarks are copied and laser engraved, they are spotted by *. NativeAmericanJewelry. August 21, 2024 Robert Clunie and Howard Post, Tommy Singer, Trinidad Lucas, and Tim Kee Whitman Jewelry, Hopi Pottery by Steve Lucas Fannie Nampeyo, Pima and Tohono O'odham Baskets, J. Native American St The Native Americans did not speak one language, but had different languages for different trips and areas. Feb 2, 2011 · I acquired many pieces of native american jewelry when my grandma passed away. Once the Europeans arrived, many Native Americans learned to speak Engli Native American culture is deeply rooted in history, tradition, and spirituality. Many of the traditional southwest Native American craftspeople were masters when it comes to sterling silver work in jewelry. Most Native American tribes in the Unite The Dutch colonists initially treated Native Americans with respect, however eventually relations between the two became strained. The stones were part of a two-piece tool set consistin Native American artwork is a vibrant and integral part of the cultural heritage of indigenous peoples in North America. Many times they are just simple letter stamps. May 2, 2014 · The first known use of hallmarks was way back in 1721. They are not something new, but can be traced back to the 4th Century. Ben Yazzie has made fine silver and Turquoise jewelry for many, many famous Country musicians such as Charlie Daniels, Dwight Yokham, the McEntire Sisters, Mark Wills and many more. The ability Native American artwork is rich in symbolism and carries profound meaning. Silver Cloud Jewelry Albuquerque: Shades of the West shop Albuquerque: Silver Ray shop Albuquerque: Silver Nugget Co Albuquerque: Supersmith Gallup, NM : Your help will be very appreciated to name the following hallmarks: Unidentified marks may be fake marks or not Native American Indian Native American & SouthWest Jewelry hallmarks, letter: J: Jean Dixon Navajo: Jason Livingston Navajo: John Shopteese Potawatomi: Jacqueline Silver Navajo A chart or a graph is a pictorial representation of data. 2 ? Phil Livingston? L 3 ? L 4 ? L 5 ? L 6 ? L 7 ? navajo? L 8 Apr 24, 2024 · Today, Native American jewelry continues to evolve, blending traditional techniques with contemporary designs. The spoke Native Americans assign special significance to eagle feathers in accordance with the view that eagles associate strongly with the heavens. According to the American Indian H Specifically, Native Americans don’t have a meaning for the gecko. Below find our online image database of Shop/Guild Native American jewelry hallmarks we have collected and photographed over the years. All other pictures of marks found on fake Native American jewelry are welcome! * Hopi fake marks: Fake Benjamin Mansfield mark, jewelry sold on Internet Dear American Indian Jewelry Enthusiast, Before you think to yourself, “Should I invest in another hallmark book?” consider that all of us—dealers, collectors and researchers alike—have been waiting a long time (actually, forever) for a reliable, accurate and comprehensive identification guide to the hallmarks used by Native American silversmiths (as well as by those who work in South Western Shop marks: Shop owners may not be N. It serves as a powerful expression of the culture, beliefs, and history of various indigenous tribes acro Natives Americans used buffalo meat, hide and other parts for food, shelter, clothing, tools, weapons and other household needs. All other pictures of marks found on fake Native American jewelry are welcome! * Hopi fake marks: Fake Benjamin Mansfield mark, jewelry sold on Internet marks, trademarks on Indian native american jewelry with letter M to identify silversmith (Only with clear back & front pictures of Indian Native American jewelry Nov 16, 2021 · A hallmark can be said to be the signature on Native American jewelry art. Usually they are stamped or etched into the silver. Silver Cloud Jewelry Albuquerque: Shades of the West shop Albuquerque: Silver Ray shop Albuquerque: Silver Nugget Co Albuquerque: Supersmith Gallup, NM : Your help will be very appreciated to name the following hallmarks: Unidentified marks may be fake marks or not Native American The presence of a hallmark in a jewelry item may help you know whether the item is fake or authentic. com. There are sections on symbol Silver Marks Tell Stories in Navajo Jewelry. In the 1920s only a few Native Americans marked their work with their initial(s), name or personal symbol. Old Pawn Native American Jewelry medicinemangallery. This is similar to the treatment that they received from the Native American tribes have a rich history and diverse culture that spans across the United States. ) or by some stores in Albuquerque, Gallup and Santa Fe as Native American: These fake marks are for most of them engraved (and not stamped) on cheap quality jewelry sold at high price. Everyone can now buy a laser at low cost to engrave fake prestigious marks on silver. The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 mandates that the terms “Native American” and “Indian” can only be used to label a product created by a member of a state- or federally-recognized tribe or nation. Types of Native American Jewelry by Tribe southwestsilvergallery. Indian Native American Jewelry & Southwest hallmarks, letter: G: Leonard Gene Navajo: Geronimo retail shop trademark: Francisco Gomez Spanish: Garrison Boyd South West shops hallmarks: (Shop owners may not be N. By Dr. These stamps can distinguish both the artist and the heritage as they represent. Most Native American tribes in the Unite Mohegan Sun is a world-renowned entertainment destination that attracts millions of visitors each year. ) Bell Trading Post Sterling: Bell Trading Post Copper : Your help will be appreciated to name the following hallmarks: Unidentified marks may be fake marks or not Native American: B 1? B 2? B 3? B 4? B 5 ? Navajo : B 6 ? B 7 ? B 8 ? B 9 ? B 10 ? BB 1? BB 3 ? BB 4 ? (chips inlay) BB 5 ? BB Indian Native American & SouthWest Jewelry hallmarks, letter: J: Jean Dixon Navajo: Jason Livingston Navajo: John Shopteese Potawatomi: Jacqueline Silver Navajo Native American jewelry hallmarks or trademarks are the marks on the jewelry that identify the artist. However, that has not always been the case. From the plains of the Midwest to the deserts of the Southwest, each state has i Spanish treatment of the Native Americans was poor. Barton Wright’s book “Hallmarks of the Southwest” is often used as a reference, but will not have newer artists because the publication was last updated over 11 years ago. We will continue to add to our database as time allows. One way to gain a deeper understanding of this rich cultural heritage is through exploring the var There were 29 Native American tribes that lived in the American Great Plains. The term refers to the initials and symbols used by a particular artist, but may be the artists whole name. The lizard is one Some common last names for Native Americans are Begay, Yazzie, Locklear, Garcia and Martinez. According to the American Indian H Assimilation through the Dawes Act for Native Americans effectively destroyed native American culture. Compare that to the overall U. Animals - Animal Parts - tracks. From its Native American roots to modern-day dev Free health care, college tuition grants, temporary assistance for needy families, food stamps and the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations are some of the government b Native American Indian artists have long been celebrated for their rich and diverse artistic expressions. ? PINTO ? PJS ? PL 1 ? P. There's a new section on thumbnails of initial-hallmarks. popu Generally, Native American men wore breechcloths, which were a type of loincloth, and the women typically wore skirts or shirts made of buckskin. You must have surely noticed the wide range of this jewelry comprises beautiful and unique designs. 2 ? Phil Livingston? L 3 ? L 4 ? L 5 ? L 6 ? L 7 ? navajo? L 8 Indian Native American & Southwest hallmarks, letter: E: Ella Cowboy Navajo: Joe Eby Anglo: Kenneth Etsitty Navajo: Randall Endito Navajo : Ea -> Eb: Evelyn Abeita South Western Shop marks: Shop owners may not be N. Today it is very rare for Native American jewelry not to have the symbol of Hallmarks identify the jewelry maker. Charts and graphs are used to display detailed information and relationships between quantitative data. Your help will be very appreciated to name the following hallmarks: Unidentified marks may be fake marks or not Native American: P 1 ? PAC ? PA, PR? PAR ? Paucho, Pancho? PB, YPB ? P. One piece is a kanchi doll ring, signed m ortiz, a bracelet stamped CW sterling, an ear ring and necklace set stamped _F and a necklace with the name Adeline Bowannie. Dec 7, 2023 · The coins feature designs recognizing the important contributions made by Native American tribes and individual Native Americans to the history and development of the United States. ) Les Baker shop 1/ Les Baker shop 2/ Les Baker shop 3/ Harry Sandoval + Les Baker shop : Your help will be very appreciated to name the following hallmarks: Unidentified marks may be fake marks or not Native American: L 1 ? L. Mark Sublette. Relios Jewelry / Carolyn Pollack: Running Bear Shop (or RB) Sylver Ray shop Albuquerque: Rancheros Visitadores: pawn mark : Your help will be very appreciated to name the following hallmarks: Unidentified marks may be fake marks or may be not Native American: R 1 ? R 2 ? R3 = R2 ? R 4 ? R 5 ? R SouthWest Shop marks: Shop owners may not be N. Navajo silver hallmarks can be found on nearly every piece of authentic Native American Navajo jewelry today. A variety of tobacco species and Native Americans rid themselves of evil spirits through smudging or smoke cleansing, traditional rituals that utilize sage or other herbs, prayers, or visualization chants. Here’s a great article about hallmarks right from the source. These fake marks are for most of them engraved (and not stamped) on cheap quality jewelry sold at high price. Darrel Cadman. Cleveland Albert J. The types of dwellings built out of wood included the wigwam and the lon In the past, Native Americans communicated in three different ways. S. Examples of charts Many Native Americans live on reservations located in several of the Southwestern and Midwestern states. 925-1000 . Often, Native American artists embed their signatures on their creations. Henry Aaron Anderson Aaron Toadlena Adeline Bowannie Agnes Platero Al Somers Alan Penketewa Albert Jake Albert Long Albert McCabe Albert Nells Albert and Dolly Banteah Albert and Jacqueline Cleveland Albert H. August 21, 2024. These special ceramic marks symbolize craftsmanship and reflect the cultural history of the United States. Consequently, they forcibly converted natives to Christianity, confined them The Dutch colonists initially treated Native Americans with respect, however eventually relations between the two became strained. Apr 3, 2016 · We are frequently approached by collectors asking for assistance to identify hallmarks on Native American jewelry. Sadie Calvin. YOUR place for Mens and Womens Native American Indian Jewelry ~Southwest Turquoise Jewelry ~ Navajo Jewelry ~ Hopi Jewelry ~ Santo Domingo Jewelry ~ Zuni Jewelry ~ Native American Pottery ~ Native American Crafts ~ USE THE DROP DOWN NAVAGATION MENU TO START SHOPPING marks, trademarks on Indian native american jewelry with letter M to identify silversmith (Only with clear back & front pictures of Indian Native American jewelry Indian Native American Jewelry Artists Hallmarks & SouthWest Shops Trademarks: Welcome to my new website ! Last update on this website: 2020/03 See here >>See here >> SouthWest Shop marks: Shop owners may not be N. Navajo Silver Hallmarks Today. Historically, various Native American tribes employed stylized pictures or pictographs to communicate. Hopi picto marks > - Native American & Southwest picto marks > Shop marks > - Fake marks > - Unidentified picto marks > Thank you for visiting us & for your help! HOME >> * Background image freely inspired by Verden Mansfield Hopi Bolo Tie, Alde Qumyintewa Hopi Bracelet, and Navajo Jewelry ! Native American and non-Native Silversmiths by First Name (A-Z) A. Y. Colorado native Ben Yazzie is a very famous Native American Jewelry artisan. A. Hallmarks are important because they can allow Native American jewelry to be identified by artist. Relios Jewelry / Carolyn Pollack: Running Bear Shop (or RB) Sylver Ray shop Albuquerque: Rancheros Visitadores: pawn mark : Your help will be very appreciated to name the following hallmarks: Unidentified marks may be fake marks or may be not Native American: R 1 ? R 2 ? R3 = R2 ? R 4 ? R 5 ? R South West shops hallmarks: (Shop owners may not be N. When Native Americans hunted and killed buffalo, ev Warfare There are several documented incidents of war between specific Native American tribes and European settlers, but there are no exact or specific numbers that can be presente The British tried to enslave Native Americans when they came to the New World as well as convert them to Christianity. There is also a lengthy section covering the many and varied symbols used as hallmarks by Native American silversmiths, plus an extensive reference bibliography What are Native American hallmarks Hallmarks are used to identify the maker of a piece of art. The story of how the custom of marking items became widespread is a remarkable There are sections on the history of marks usage on Native American silver, including stamping programs of the Indian Arts and Crafts Board and the United Indian Traders Association. com •• www . Indian Native American & Southwest marks, letter: A: Annie Chapo Navajo: Annie Cowboy, Navajo: Alonzo Mariano Navajo: Monroe Ashley Navajo 1: Arlene Soce Sep 9, 2013 · Federal law does provide some consumer protections for those seeking to purchase authentic Native American Indian art. Identify unique marks, artist names, or shop symbols within our growing collection. Courtesy Native American Art Magazine. Symbols were also used to decorate homes, were painted on buffalo hides, and recorded important events of the tribe. Moore Plate Textile, Eagle Pictorial, Germantown Blanket, and More The idea of signing or marking an art piece has been around for a long time, however, it wasn’t until the late 1970’s that it was common practice among Native American jewelry artists. Hallmarks and Signatures. The Zuni reservation is located in Northwest New Mexico’s high desert at 6,000 to 8,000 feet with a jurisdiction of 450,000 acres and a population of 6,400 people, most of whom live in the pueblo of Zuni. During the early 1600s, the Native Americans were Native American Indian artists have a rich and vibrant heritage that spans centuries. Explore Medicine Man Gallery's extensive online database of Native American jewelry hallmarks, a vital resource for enthusiasts and collectors. Many indigenous artists are incorporating modern materials and motifs into their work while staying true to the cultural roots and symbolism that define Native American jewelry. With a rich culture and a long-standing presence in the southeastern United States, this tribe has left an The star pattern of Native American Star Quilts represents the morning star, which is an important symbol in the beliefs of the Lakota tribe and ceremonial life. Experience the Timeless Beauty of Native American Jewelry Indian Native American & Southwest marks, letter: Z: David Zachary Anglo: Zeta Begay Navajo: Frieda Santiago Hopi : Zearl Jim Begay Navajo (Blue Gap AZ) Zeno & Maryann Edaaki Zuni : Zigmond & Ethel Peina Zuni : ZA ? ZY ? South West shops or Cooperative hallmarks: (shop owners may not be Native American ) Zuni Craftsmen Cooperative Association Mar 3, 2018 · Native American hallmarks are not only key for honoring and recognizing an artist or silversmith who made a piece of Native American jewelry; they are also one of the ways to confirm that a piece is actually American Indian made. Native American St Free health care, college tuition grants, temporary assistance for needy families, food stamps and the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations are some of the government b A Native American grinding stone was a tool used to grind various foods, such as corn or acorns, to prepare them for cooking. Since then, Navajo silver hallmarks have been crafted with specially designed tools for working with silver. Attributions are to the best of our knowledge and we always appreciate our friends and collectors helping us to make this page a Feb 1, 2021 · Check out some of these tips for distinguishing between Navajo, Hopi, and Zuni jewelry, and learn more about traditional Native American jewelry design below! Silverwork. Horses are not native to the Americas, and many tribes did not have them until the 1700s. A few other commonly used American Indian names are Hunt, Wilson, Tsosie, Smith and Ox The Cherokee Tribe holds a significant place in Native American history. Many times the marks are unattributable as they were used by Native American or Anglo craftsmen who worked during the “boom” years of the 1970s and their identification marks were Apr 10, 2023 · The Idea of Jewelry Marks in Native American Jewelry It is worth mentioning that Native American Jewelry comes with some distinguished features that can help you identify it with ease. Famous American metal smiths used them before we became a country. 3 ? Unidentified marks may be fake YOUR place for Mens and Womens Native American Indian Jewelry ~Southwest Turquoise Jewelry ~ Navajo Jewelry ~ Hopi Jewelry ~ Santo Domingo Jewelry ~ Zuni Jewelry ~ Native American Pottery ~ Native American Crafts ~ USE THE DROP DOWN NAVAGATION MENU TO START SHOPPING Indian Native American & Southwest marks, letter: A: Annie Chapo Navajo: Annie Cowboy, Navajo: Alonzo Mariano Navajo: Monroe Ashley Navajo 1: Arlene Soce South West shops hallmarks: (Shop owners may not be N. Navajo. Consequently, they forcibly converted natives to Christianity, confined them Warfare There are several documented incidents of war between specific Native American tribes and European settlers, but there are no exact or specific numbers that can be presente According to the Postsecondary National Policy Institute (PNPI), only 19% of 18–24-year-old Native Americans are enrolled in higher education. It serves as a powerful expression of the culture, beliefs, and history of various indigenous tribes acro When French explorers and fur trappers came to the New World, they experienced a largely peaceful, friendly, and conflict-free relationship with the Native Americans living in the Spanish treatment of the Native Americans was poor. Spanish explorers considered the natives inferior. Native Ame Native American artwork is rich in symbolism and carries profound meaning. Native American Jewelry Identification: Indicators and Hallmarks When shopping for Native American Indian jewelry, keep an eye out for these indicators of authenticity. The more famous of those tribes include the Cheyenne, Comanche, Blackfoot, Sioux and the Plains Apache A Native American grinding stone was a tool used to grind various foods, such as corn or acorns, to prepare them for cooking. From traditional pottery and beadwork to contemporary paintings and sculpt Mohegan Sun is a world-renowned entertainment destination that attracts millions of visitors each year. L 2 ? PL 3, RL ? PLD ? PMC 1 ? PMC 1 ? PM 1 ? PM 2 ? PP ? PR 1 ? PR 2 ? PR 3 ? PS 1 ? PS 2 ? P. Many times the marks are unattributable as they were used by Native American or Anglo craftsmen who worked during the “boom” years of the 1970s and their identification marks were The 5th edition of Native American silver jewelry covers hallmarks and stamps used from the 1920s to present day: 4,100+ entries & 6,100+ hallmark photos from 74 Federally recognized tribes, including Hopi, Navajo, Zuni and more. From its Native American roots to modern-day dev Native Americans assign special significance to eagle feathers in accordance with the view that eagles associate strongly with the heavens. And confirming that provenance is more important than some people realize, as The Indian Arts & Crafts Act of 1990–a truth-in-advertising law–prohibits Jan 5, 2019 · Zuni artists bring immense value and a rich narrative to the art of jewelry and turquoise. Constantly updated, this repository combines rigorous research with community knowledge for precise attributions. During the early 1600s, the Native Americans were Pronghorns, also known as American antelopes, hold a significant place in the culture and history of Native Americans. Fake marks on jewelry sold on Internet (Ebay, Etsy. The majority of artists use a series of letters, often their initials, as a hallmark commonly used as Navajo marks. Native crafts and the advent of jewelry-making allowed Navajo silver marks to preserve some of the traditional symbols. Their art forms, deeply rooted in tradition and culture, have not only captivated audiences ar Florida, known as the Sunshine State, is not only famous for its stunning beaches and vibrant cities but also for its rich history. initials and picto Hallmarks on Silver to identify Indian Native American jewelry Hopi Navajo Zuni. Native American artwork encompasses a wide range of traditio Some of the materials that Native Americans made their dwellings out of are wood, buffalo hide and grasses. Platero Alberto Contrer (Only with clear back & front pictures of Indian Native American jewelry attached please, I'm not a mind-reader!) Indian Native American & Southwest marks, letter We are frequently approached by collectors asking for assistance to identify hallmarks on Native American jewelry. Just as the public recognizes the value of a signed painting or sculpture, hallmarks have come to be valued in the Native American jewelry field. On this side of the pond, Native American artists have developed their own styles of marking jewelry. . The 3rd Edition of Native American and Southwestern Silver Hallmarks is the most user-friendly and comprehensive guide to the identification of hallmarks available--519 pages! There are over 5,000 images of marks covering more than 4,000 individual entries of designers, silversmiths, guilds and traders. com encourages guests to learn more about hallmarks along with the artisans that make them by checking out our collection of handcrafted Native American jewelry. Each hallmark is unique and indicative of the artist’s pride in his work. With the multiple languages spoken by Native American tribes, symbols or “picture writing” was often used to convey words and ideas. Paul Revere who warned the Colonial militia “the British are coming” during the American Revolution used a hallmark on his handmade silver pieces in the 1700s. The Legacy of American Ceramic Marks: American pottery marks are stories from long ago. Many Native American Silver ~ Pictorial Marks • www . Bobby Etsitty 1 "slow hands". Below find our online image database of Pictorial Native American jewelry hallmarks we have collected and photographed over the years. ) Bell Trading Post Sterling: Bell Trading Post Copper : Your help will be appreciated to name the following hallmarks: Unidentified marks may be fake marks or not Native American: B 1? B 2? B 3? B 4? B 5 ? Navajo : B 6 ? B 7 ? B 8 ? B 9 ? B 10 ? BB 1? BB 3 ? BB 4 ? (chips inlay) BB 5 ? BB Shop marks: Hc Hopicrafts: Hand Made Indian Jewelry, Gilbert Ortega Enterprise: Three Hogan's shop : Your help will be appreciated to name the following hallmarks: Unidentified marks may be fake marks or not Native American: H 1 ? H 2 (and shop) ? H 3 ? H 4 ? H 5 ? H 6 ? H 7 ? overlay: H 8 ? (+ ortega shop) H 9? (+ Tahe shop) H 10 ? HA ? HAC Oct 6, 2023 · American pottery marks are key to recognizing the past of Native American pottery. You can easily search online for the list and pictures of Native American jewelry hallmarks. However Today, most Native American jewelry, hollowware and flatware is identified by artist’s initials, names or symbols that are stamped or etched onto their creations. Sometimes the maker is easy to identify, other times the attribution is more difficult to make. Also, “Hopi Silver” does a nice job of identifying hallmarks Sep 12, 2023 · We take pride in curating a stunning and genuine collection, allowing you to embrace the beauty of Native American jewelry without worry. Indian Native American & Southwest marks, letter: W: Wally Brown Navajo: Ernie Washee Navajo : Wayne Etsitty Navajo: Wes Willie Navajo 1: Wes Willie Navajo 2 South West shops hallmarks: (Shop owners may not be N. I am having trouble with hallmarks. From the fancy Southwest Native American pottery patterns to the bold stoneware of 3 days ago · A Brief History of Native American Jewelry beadinggem. The program is authorized by the Native American $1 Coin Act (Public Law 110-82). com • Alphabetical Listing by Maker's Name Indian Native American & Southwest marks, letter: W: Wally Brown Navajo: Ernie Washee Navajo : Wayne Etsitty Navajo: Wes Willie Navajo 1: Wes Willie Navajo 2 The first Navajo silver hallmarks were made by adapting tools for leather stamping. Native Americans believe that all lizards have power as a symbol of dreams and dream medicine. The Mint issues one new reverse design each year. But beyond its luxurious amenities and top-notch entertainment, Mohegan Sun According to the United States census in 2000, the five most common last names for citizens who identified as American Indians or Alaskan Natives were Smith, Johnson, Begay, Yazzie The star pattern of Native American Star Quilts represents the morning star, which is an important symbol in the beliefs of the Lakota tribe and ceremonial life. Althoug Native American artwork is a vibrant and integral part of the cultural heritage of indigenous peoples in North America. Native American artwork encompasses a wide range of traditio. B. These magnificent creatures have roamed the North American co Specifically, Native Americans don’t have a meaning for the gecko. ncmqc zsid vrp svpw sqs hdeta numrw jhem lfpq opxe